The historical journey of industrial transformation is one of the most important milestones of humanity's technological progress. This revolution has radically changed production processes and shaped social and economic structures. The latest industrial revolution, known as Industry 4.0, heralds a new era with the integration of digitalization and smart technologies into the production area.
Historical Course of Industrial Revolutions
When we look at industrial history, four main revolutionary periods stand out. Each of them has led to radical transformations in production systems and deeply affected social life.
Industry 1.0: Steam Power Revolution
The first industrial revolution began with the invention of steam power in the 18th century. The use of steam engines mechanized production processes and enabled the transition from manual labor to factory systems. The intense wave of migration from rural areas to cities caused major changes in the social structure.
Industry 2.0: Electric Power Revolution
With the introduction of electric energy into the production area in the 19th century, mass production systems became widespread. Advances in communication technologies such as telegraph and telephone facilitated information sharing and coordination. The development of the scientific management approach has also been another factor that has increased efficiency.
Industry 3.0: Digital Revolution
The third industrial revolution, which began in the last quarter of the century, was shaped by revolutionary developments in electronics and information technologies. The integration of computers and digital control systems into production processes has accelerated automation and digitalization.
Industry 4.0: Cyber-Physical Systems Revolution
The fourth industrial revolution experienced today is based on the concepts of cyber-physical systems, the internet of things and the internet of services. Advanced technologies such as smart factories, autonomous robots and big data analytics are reshaping production processes.
Basic Building Blocks of Industry 4.0
The Industry 4.0 revolution is built on three basic technological components:
The Internet of Things (IoT)
The internet of things is defined as physical devices communicating with each other and sharing data over the internet. Machines, products and logistics elements in production lines can exchange information in real time thanks to IoT technologies.
Internet of Services (IoS)
The Internet of Services enables cyber-physical systems, smart factories, and people to interact with each other. Services for production processes are provided over the Internet and delivered to all stakeholders in the value chain.
Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS)
Cyber-physical systems provide monitoring and control of production processes by creating virtual/digital twins of objects in the physical world. The real world and the virtual world are integrated simultaneously through sensors, software, and network connections.
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